Biodiversity Heritage Sites in Uttarakhand (BHS)​

Uttarakhand, a land of towering Himalayas and spiritual sanctuaries, is not only revered for its cultural richness but also celebrated for its ecological wealth. From the globally recognized UNESCO World Heritage Sites to sacred groves conserved through generations, the state showcases a remarkable intersection of biodiversity, tradition, and sustainable living. At the heart of these conservation efforts lie Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)—areas of unique ecological, cultural, and spiritual value.

What Are Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)?

Under Section 37 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, Biodiversity Heritage Sites are legally designated by State Governments based on recommendations from local Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs). The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) defines BHS as well-defined areas with ecologically fragile ecosystems—terrestrial, coastal, marine, or aquatic—rich in biodiversity and cultural or aesthetic values. These ecosystems may be home to rare, threatened, endemic, or keystone species and are vital for sustaining ecosystem services and cultural identity.

Criteria for BHS include:

• Areas hosting wild and domesticated species, or species of evolutionary and genetic significance.
• Sites offering refuge to threatened flora and fauna.
• Spaces preserved by indigenous practices like sacred groves, community conserved areas, and urban greens.
• Places showcasing a mosaic of natural and human-influenced landscapes.
• Ecosystems managed through customs, social taboos, or community traditions.

Sacred Groves: Traditional Conservation in Practice

Sacred groves—forested tracts preserved due to cultural and religious reverence—are one of the oldest living models of in-situ conservation. These groves, often dedicated to local deities or ancestral spirits, are protected by communities through traditional taboos and customs, and represent an important relationship between humans and nature. They serve as spiritual sanctuaries and ecological hotspots, sometimes preserving multi-species, multi-tier primary forests.

While sacred groves may vary in size—from large forested tracts to small clumps of trees—their ecological role is immense. When effectively protected, they prevent habitat degradation, conserve rare species, and support water conservation, soil fertility, and climate regulation. Declaring sacred groves as Biodiversity Heritage Sites not only validates indigenous conservation ethics but also strengthens livelihood security for local communities.

Thal Kedar Forest: Uttarakhand’s First Proposed BHS

A landmark initiative is unfolding in Pithoragarh, where the Thal Kedar forest is poised to become Uttarakhand’s first Biodiversity Heritage Site. Influenced by the eastern Himalayas, this temperate forest spans elevations of 4,000 to 8,000 feet in the Kumaon region and is a biodiversity haven. Home to over 350 rare and threatened plant and animal species, including valuable medicinal plants, Thal Kedar serves as a vital ecological corridor.

The forest is dominated by broad-leaved trees (about 70%), supports water conservation for adjacent villages, and holds socio-cultural significance, being considered sacred by locals. The Biodiversity Management Committee of Thal Kedar itself initiated the proposal, recognizing the area’s ecological value. According to Dhananjai Mohan, chairman of the Uttarakhand Biodiversity Board, a draft notification is under review, followed by a public consultation phase before final declaration.

India’s Biodiversity and Legal Framework

India is home to approximately 2.1 million identified species, including insects, plants, animals, and microorganisms. As a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992, India embraces the goals of:

• Conservation of biological diversity
• Sustainable use of bio-resources
• Equitable benefit sharing with local custodians

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was enacted to give legal structure to these principles. Its key provisions include:

1. Regulating access to biological resources.
2. Recognizing and protecting traditional knowledge.
3. Ensuring benefit-sharing with local communities.
4. Declaring Biodiversity Heritage Sites for conservation.
5. Protecting threatened species.
6. Involving State institutions for decentralized implementation.

Article 8(j) of the CBD further acknowledges the contributions of local and indigenous communities in conserving biodiversity through traditional knowledge and practices.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Uttarakhand

Beyond nationally designated BHS, Uttarakhand is also home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites known for their outstanding natural value:

1. Nanda Devi National Park

Located in Chamoli district, this park is named after Nanda Devi, India’s second-highest peak. Designated in 1988, it boasts alpine forests, meadows, and endangered species such as the Himalayan musk deer and snow leopard. With restricted access, Nanda Devi National Park is a pristine sanctuary for trekking, research, and biodiversity appreciation.

2. Valley of Flowers National Park

Also in Chamoli, this vibrant alpine meadow explodes into color during the monsoon, hosting over 500 flower species, including the Himalayan Monal and Blue Poppy. Recognized alongside Nanda Devi in 1988, Valley of Flowers is a paradise for botanists and nature lovers.

These sites are not just biodiversity hotspots but are integral to local economies and eco-tourism, emphasizing sustainable visitation practices.

Uttarakhand’s Broader Heritage

While no cultural sites in Uttarakhand are currently UNESCO-listed, the state boasts a rich cultural heritage:

• Char Dham temples (Kedarnath, Badrinath)
• Traditional folk dances and music
• Sacred rivers like the Ganges and Yamuna
• Ancient rituals, crafts, and festivals

This harmonious coexistence of natural and cultural elements makes Uttarakhand a living tapestry of Indian heritage.

Conclusion: Biodiversity as a Living Legacy

From the sacred groves nurtured by folklore to UNESCO-designated parks like Nanda Devi National Park and the Valley of Flowers, Uttarakhand exemplifies how biodiversity conservation and cultural preservation can go hand in hand. These heritage landscapes not only support rare and endemic species but also uphold the deep-rooted traditions of local communities who act as custodians of nature.

Initiatives like the proposed Thal Kedar Biodiversity Heritage Site reaffirm the state’s commitment to conserving fragile ecosystems while empowering people through sustainable practices. Whether through government-backed policies or community-led protection of sacred forests, every effort contributes to preserving the ecological integrity and cultural identity of this Himalayan state.

As travelers, researchers, or responsible citizens, it is our shared duty to respect, support, and protect these irreplaceable natural treasures. Through sustainable tourism, community participation, and biodiversity education, we can ensure that Uttarakhand’s natural and cultural heritage, including gems like the Valley of Flowers and Nanda Devi National Park, continues to inspire and thrive for generations to come.

FAQ

What are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Uttarakhand?

• Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Park

Is there a Biodiversity Heritage Site in Uttarakhand?

• Thal Kedar forest in Pithoragarh is in the process of becoming the state’s first officially declared BHS.

How do sacred groves relate to biodiversity conservation?

• Sacred groves preserve biodiversity through traditional customs and taboos, often protecting rare species and supporting ecosystem functions.

What is the Biodiversity Act, 2002?

• A law that regulates access to biological resources, ensures benefit-sharing with local communities, and allows the declaration of Biodiversity Heritage Sites.

How can I help conserve these sites?

• Respect park regulations, reduce your environmental footprint, support local conservation efforts, and raise awareness about biodiversity.